Machiavelli’s View of Human Nature Essay example -- Machiavelli The Pr

Niccolo Machiavelli was a political savant from Florence Italy. He lived during the Italian Renaissance from May 1469 to 1527. This period in time that Machiavelli lived was the resurrection of craftsmanship in Italy and rediscovery of antiquated way of thinking, writing and science. Machiavelli’s reasoning about the idea of man is that man has both great and terrible characteristics, yet will lean towards his own personal circumstances when everything is equivalent: in this way man is a whimsical animal. Machiavelli’s perspective on human instinct impacts his perspective on government.      Machiavelli composes, â€Å"that man has characteristics that will bring him either acclaim or blame† and in light of the fact that a sovereign is a man; thusly, he will likewise show these characteristics. A ruler should put his great characteristics out there in the open and be sufficiently smart to conceal his improper failings from his subjects; at the same time, if these indecencies are important to keep up his state, he should grasp them; since this appearance of a solid state by his subjects gives them a misguided feeling that all is well and good.      He states in passage fourteen that â€Å"since they (men) are a tragic part, and keep no confidence with you, you thus are under no commitment to keep it with them†. Machiavelli accepts that men will lie, cheat, or take in the event that it has some advantage to them, and keeping in mind that a ruler shows the...

Using Sentence Starters In Essay Writing

Using Sentence Starters In Essay WritingEveryone who writes essays knows how important it is to use sentence starters and how effective they can be. Sentence starters are small items that make a big difference in the way your essay looks. If you are not using sentence starters, it is obvious that you are going to struggle to get the attention of the reader and will probably end up looking like a draft on the desktop.We have all used sentence starters before when we write, and this is the reason that the writer starts to use them less. It is almost expected, but there is also something to be said for using them correctly. When you use them incorrectly, you are simply robbing yourself of valuable and unique writing style. The writer who uses sentence starters without thinking is asking for a lot of time and effort, and this is not going to help her write a successful and efficient essay.First, a very important thing to remember when using sentence starters is that they are only necessa ry when you are writing an essay that has a specific theme or point to make. This is the only time that the writer should use the item. This is why a thesis statement is extremely important when writing an essay, as this will help guide the writer towards the correct placement of the sentence starters.If you are trying to get across a very general point in your essay, or a general topic, then you do not need to use a sentence starter at all. A sentence will do just fine if the point is clearly stated.Second, while proper usage of sentence starters can give your essay a stronger personality, you should always have the proper form of sentence starters. Be sure that you follow the basic format for a sentence to properly fit into the flow of your essay. The structure of the sentence is very important for doing this, and the writer who skips this step is going to get very frustrated with their work.If you are in good shape and do not require the use of sentence starters, be sure to avoid skimming over them during the composition phase. Skimming is a very common problem, especially for the student who is still learning to write essays.This is the main reason why sentence starters should be used when you begin a new draft. They are there to serve as a visual aid and as a guide for the writer in order to prevent them from writing in a haphazard manner. An essay always becomes the easier to read when the sentences are structured properly.Remember that the best times to use sentence starters are when the writer is still struggling with writing a standard essay. Sentence starters can be used until the time comes to begin using a thesis statement, and this will always save the writer a lot of time.

Piper Alpha Disaster Essay Example

Flute player Alpha Disaster Paper Unique Piper Alpha was worked by Occidental Petroleum. The stage started its creation in 1976, first as an oil creation and afterward changed over to oil and gas creation. In the evening of July sixth 1988, the stage was inundated in a disastrous fire, which caused the demise of 167 men and cost billions of dollars in property harm. There are just 61 survivors who spared their lives by hop off the stage in to the ocean. At the hour of the fiasco, the Piper Alpha catastrophe was the most exceedingly terrible seaward calamity as far as live lost and industry sway. There are two principle factors that lead to the debacle, which are human factor and the structure and procedure factor. Master Cullen has made a few suggestions on upgrades and counteractions on the seaward establishments. The enhancements and counteractions are the Permit to Work System ought to be paid attention to when there are any support takes a shot at being completed on the stage. The seaward stage the executives ought to give great preparing and solid and steady their laborers in crisis systems when crisis circumstances. In addition, the two enhancements and counteractions, the seaward stage the executives ought to overhauled their fire dividers to shoot dividers, to forestall the fire dividers from deteriorated on the gas blast, infiltrating oil and gas pipe lines that can prompt fire. 1. Presentation 2. 1 Background of Piper Alpha The Piper Alpha Oil Production stage was situated around 120 miles upper east of Aberdeen, Scotland and assembled it for the Piper Field in the North Sea. The Piper Field was, found by Occidental Petroleum (Caledonia) Ltd. in January 1973, with the Piper Alpha stage getting operational in 1976. 2. 2 The reason for Piper Alpha activity We will compose a custom article test on Piper Alpha Disaster explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Piper Alpha Disaster explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Piper Alpha Disaster explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer The Piper Alpha stage had been planned as an oil creation stage from the start, however then the Piper Alpha stage experienced a few adjustment and updates to suit expanded gas and oil creation for the fields close by. This updating make the Piper Alpha stage transformed from an unadulterated oil creation stage to an oil and gas creation stage in late 1980. A sub-ocean pipeline, imparted to the Claymore stage, associated Piper Alpha to the Flotta oil terminal on the Orkney Islands. Flute player Alpha additionally had gas pipelines interfacing it to both the Tartan stage and to the different MCP-01 gas-preparing stage. Altogether, Piper Alpha had four primary vehicle risers: An oil trade risers, The Claymore risers, The Tartan gas riser and The MCP-01 gas riser. The picture beneath shows the areas of the stages in the North Sea with their related oil and gas terminals. 2. 3 What had happen to Piper Alpha Piper Alpha stage was overwhelmed in a calamitous fire on July sixth 1988. The catastrophe caused the passing of 167 men out of 228 men, which are 165 men on board of the Piper Alpha stage, and other two men on board a salvage vessel. The Piper Alpha calamity all started with a normal support method. The Piper Alpha stage comprises of two gatherings of laborers, which are morning shift laborers and night move laborers. On the morning of the sixth of July 1988, the morning shift laborers have expelled a gas condensate siphon from administration for upkeep of its Pressure Safety Valve (PSV). The Piper Alpha stage had two such siphons (gas condensate siphon), which has been demonstrated as Pump An and Pump B. At the point when the standard upkeep work had being done, the Pump A had been separated and closed down. The upkeep work couldn't be finished before the finish of morning shift laborer finish their work, so they have been offered authorization to leave the remainder of the support work to be proceeded on the following day. Briefly the PSV had been introduced with a plate; this was to guarantee to keep flotsam and jetsam out of the pipework while the PSV was kept up. Be that as it may, the plate was not been introduced firmly. Lamentably, the night move laborers don't mindful of this. The night move laborers had not been educated by the morning shift specialist, that the Pump An as been confined and closed down for support work and briefly introduced a plate at the PSV. Following hardly any hours, the night move laborers took over from the morning shift laborers, the essential condensate siphon fizzled. None of the night move laborers knew that a pivotal piece of the siphon had been evacuated and chosen to begin the reinforcement siphon. Gas got away from the gap left by the valve which was not shut firmly. Gas perceptibly spilled out at high weight, touched off and detonated and creates a cataclysmic fire which blown through the fire dividers. The fire from the blast had obliterated a portion of the oil lines and soon bigger amounts of put away oil were wearing out of control. A programmed framework, which has been intended to splash water on such fire, had been killed. In addition, the lodging were structure so that not smoke-sealed. A portion of the laborers understood that the best way to endure would be by bouncing in to the ocean and planning to be safeguarded by pontoon. Just 61 men were endure, yet the vast majority of them passed on due to choked out carbon monoxide and exhaust in the housing territory on the Piper Alpha stage. . 4 The reason for this report The motivation behind the report is to inspect the destinations and structures of the administration of Piper Alpha stage for the oil and gas creation industry in the North Sea, United Kingdom. Other than to look at the targets and structures of the administration of Piper Alpha, this report additionally is composed to analyze the reasons for the blast and the ensuing investigation into the occurrence that guaranteed 167 men lives, and furthermore how to improve in the administration frameworks so that to keep the Piper Alpha mishap from happening. 2. The board and Operation of Piper Alpha 3. 5 The Management and the Objectives of Piper Alpha Piper Alpha began its activity as an unadulterated oil creation stage in the North Sea around 170 miles upper east of Aberdeen, Scotland in 144 meters of water and included four modules isolated by firewalls. McDermott Engineering at Ardersier and UIE at Cherbourg developed the Piper Alpha stage. For wellbeing reasons, they had ensured the Piper Alpha modules were sorted out so the most risky tasks were removed from close by stage. Scarcely any years after the fact, when the stage being changed over from unadulterated oil creation to oil and gas creation, it broke this wellbeing idea. By this transformation, the touchy zones were united to one another. The Tartan and Claymore stages were introduced in the Piper Field close by to the Piper Alpha stage after the Piper Alpha stage being introduced in the Piper Field. These two recently introduced stages additionally creating unrefined petroleum and gas and their fare oil lines joining Piper Alpha’s oil trade line to the Flotta terminal. After a few adjustments, the Piper Alpha stage at that point turned into a center point, handling its own gas, gathering gas from the Tartan stage and siphoning this gas on to the MCP-01 stage. A pipeline was introduced connecting Piper Alpha stage to Claymore stage, accepting and providing gas to Claymore stage as required for gas lifting purposes. At the hour of the fiasco Piper Alpha was perhaps the heaviest stage working in the North Sea. 3. Reasons for the Piper Alpha Disaster 4. 6 The Causes of the Piper Alpha Disaster Soon thereafter, in November, Department of Energy from United Kingdom Government Body who answerable for the activity and wellbeing of seaward oil and gas establishment has named Lord Cullen, an extremely experienced Scottish Jurist, to lead a Public Inquiry in to the reason for the Piper Alpha fiasco. Later before the finish of year 1990, Lord Cullen has closed and distributed his request on the Piper Alpha calamity. The reasons for the Piper Alpha fiasco dependent on the Lord Cullen Inquiry are as per the following. There are two primary factors that lead to the Piper Alpha debacle which are Human Factors and Design and Process Factors. 4. 7. 1 Human Factor Permit to Work (PTW) is a record that takes note of the personality and area of the part that the work is to be completed. In any seaward stage establishments the PTW must be raised before any work can be completed. PTW is a broad, ordinarily idiot proof security report kept in the stage control room. When the work finished, the PTW is closed down and petitioned for future reference. On the morning of the calamity, the morning shift laborers have evacuated a gas condensate siphon (Pump A) from administration for upkeep of its PSV, so the PTW was still ‘live’ and in power. It shows up the Permit to Work System had gotten excessively loose with no verbal affirmation occurring at move handovers from the morning shift laborers to the night move laborers. Afterward, it has been found that, this was one of the fundamental factor that lead to the Piper Alpha debacle. 4. 7. 2 Design and Process Factor McDermott Engineering at Ardersier and UIE at Cherbourg had built the Piper Alpha stage. For security reasons, they had ensured the Piper Alpha modules were sorted out with the goal that the most perilous activities were inaccessible from close by stages. After the Piper Alpha stage being changed over from unadulterated oil creation to oil and gas creation, the touchy territories were united to one another. Like the Tartan stage and the Claymore stage. By this significant change, it has been broken the security idea that had been present before upon the development of Piper Alpha. At the point when the blast happens, the Tartan stage and Claymore stage kept on providing thei

Bipolar Disorder Catherine Black from TV Series Black Box - 1650 Words

Bipolar Disorder: Catherine Black from TV Series Black Box (Essay Sample) Content: Bipolar Disorder - Catherine Black from TV Series Black BoxNameInstitutionBipolar DisorderBipolar is a psychological disorder that is characterized by specific periods of mania or hypomania. An example is when a patient has a diminishing need for sleep, development of an acute euphoria onset, speech that is pressured, grandiosity, racing thoughts and other examples of behavioral indiscretions. Bipolar as the name suggests is when a person oscillates between the two extremes of sadness and being happy. The person can be extremely happy in one instance and then feel depressed at another point in time. The condition is usually because of stressful issues a person may have gone through in his/her life. The treatment of bipolar disorder should not be limited to medication only. This is because medication will only deal with the symptoms of the disorder and not the causal factor of the disorder. Other treatment methods like psychotherapy work very effectively in treating bi polar. This treatment method is able to address the issues that the person has buried deep within. DSM 5 has given seven types of the bipolar and other disorders that are related which include bipolar I, bipolar II, cyclothamic disorder, medication/substance induced and other related disorders, bipolar that is as a result of a medical condition, bipolar that is unspecified and bipolar that is specified.Symptoms of BipolarDSM IV has been able to identify seven symptoms that characterize an individual with bipolar disorder. Among the seven, three are also used in the diagnosis of mania. The symptoms exhibited by a bipolar patient need to have the required duration and intensity because some issues like a decreased need for sleep or distractibility are not usually visible during a clinical evaluation. On average, half of the people with bipolar usually abuse drugs and this may be a complicating factor in the presentation of the condition, its diagnosis and its treatment. Depression is usually very common in bipolar that the condition was previously referred to as manic depression. As research has discovered, recently, depression can be missing in a bipolar patient but it can also be the dominating factor depending on the intensity and frequency. The moods of in a person with bipolar will always oscillate between the two extreme poles of depression and mania (Barnhill, 2014).Individuals who suffer from bipolar usually experience mood episodes. As the name suggests the mood episodes are experienced between the two extremes. A person with bipolar may experience extreme episodes of happiness which is classified as mania and may at other times experience depression. When depressed the individual feels helpless, weak, lonely and sad. When experiencing mania the person usually feels overly confident and very energetic. The different episodes are usually experienced with normal periods, which make the diagnosis of bipolar a bit difficult. An individual suffering the cond ition may also experience anxiety, irritation, and explosive anger during an episode (Ketter, 2005). The seven types of bipolar have their symptoms, which are given below. Bipolar I disorder is known to be the most severe with a characteristic mania episode and a history of depressive episodes. The bipolar disorder II is characterized by at least an episode of mania and an episode of hypomania. The disorder also has a period of elevated mood accompanied by an increase in activity, which runs for four consecutive days and is seen the whole day. The cyclothymiacs disorder is characterized by a change in the mood that runs for two years and is persistent. An individual should have experienced the symptoms for two years to be diagnosed. It may assume to be severe due to the duration of the symptoms; it lacks the severe symptoms of mania and hypomania.For the medication/substance induced bipolar there is clinically dominant mood disturbances with symptoms like moods that are irritable an d elevated. Depression may be present or absent. A clinical exam is conducted after drug use to determine the presence of the disorder. This type of disorder causes a disturbance in an individuals occupational, social and those functional aspects of the person. Bipolar that occurs due to another medical condition has characteristics of a mood that is irritable and elevated. The person has increased energy, which can be seen clinically. The results that are presented from the lab show the existence of a different medical condition. This disorder also causes a disturbance in a persons overall functioning. For the other specified bipolar, there is a disturbance in the holistic functioning of the individual by it does not portray the symptoms of the other bipolar categories. In the disorder, a person may have short episodes of hypomania usually two to three days, major depressive episodes, and a short episode of cyclothymiacs usually less than twenty-four hours. Finally the unspecified bipolar shows the symptoms of bipolar and its related disorders but it does not meet the full criteria of the disease. This type of bipolar is only identified when there is not enough information on the identified bipolar and it usually occurs in the emergency room.Selected CharacterIn the series, Catherine Black is a neurologist and she has a bipolar disorder, which she has kept secret. The only person that is aware of her condition is Dr. Helen who is Catherines psychiatrist. Dr. Helen has been with Catherine ever since she had her first episode and is a mother figure to Catherine after her mother committed suicide. Catherine has a boyfriend known as Will who has proposed to her. She has not yet accepted his proposal. Catherine is given medications for her condition, which she goes off without anyone knowing. She has a coworker called Dr. Ian who Catherine makes out with while still with Will. She later on talks to her doctor about being off her medication and accepts Wills propos al.The doctor exhibits some behavior that characterizes her as a bipolar patient. There is an instance where, after making out with Ian, she goes to see will and makes passionate love with him, which could be characterized as a manic episode because this occurs after she had made out with Ian. Later on before she leaves, she throws her ring back to Will, which could be a sign of a depressive episode. Another episode is when she discovers that her sisters daughter is actually her daughter but is not allowed to see her. The doctor thinks of committing suicide but she does not and later on confesses to her doctor. I would classify Catherine to be suffering from bipolar because she expresses some of the symptoms in bipolar and she could have inherited it from her mother who committed suicide because of bipolar.Etiology of Bipolar Disorder When a family member has the bipolar disorder, the rest of the family ask question like why this person or where the condition has come from. Bipolar disorder has many factors that cause it and these factors interact with each other. The condition cannot be said to be because of one person or a given factor. Many bipolar cases are because of genetics. Many people may get the condition from a person of the previous generation. In some people, it is fully manifested and they exhibit the symptoms while in others the condition may be inactive but can be activated by some conditions. These conditions include substance abuse, which may lead to the symptoms of the condition being seen in an individual (Leonard, 2012).The condition may also be because of some stressful life events that a person goes through. An event may be stressful that a person ends up developing this condition. Events like the loss of a family member or a loved one may be one of these events. Bipolar disorder may occur in the person if he/she is not able to recover from the loss. The individual is stuck in the pain of the loss and without the help of a professional; he/she is unable to recover. If there is no closure for losses that individuals have experienced, such individual may get the condition (Lazar, 2014).Another way the condition comes about is when a person experiences posttraumatic stress. The stress may be because of issues like rape where an individual is affected largely by the problem. The issue may also be due to stress after pregnancy especially in women. Such issues if not dealt with may develop into a permanent condition, which is the bipolar. The issues mentioned above may not be conclusive of the causes of bipolar because it is a disorder that has no specific cause. That is why its causes may vary from one individual to another. Each case of the disorder needs to be carefully examined to find its cause and not just treat all cases and have similar treatment for all cases. Treatment of Bipolar DisorderBipolar disorder is majorly a psychological issue. It may have physical effects on the individual but when the psychological aspect of it is dealt with the physical aspect is also handled. A person may have reached the extreme of the disease and the only thing that can make a difference in the initial stages is medication. Most hospitals that deal with the condition usually provide medication for the patients with bipolar. The medication is majorly used to treat the intense symptoms. The drugs help lower the intensity of the...

Precision Agriculture An Ever Growing Technology

Sam Mailand English 112-50c Mr. Kevin Smith 29 November 2016 Third Draft Precision Agriculture: An Ever-Growing Technology The definition of precision agriculture is still evolving as technology changes and our understanding of what is achievable grows. Over the years, the emphasis has changed from simply ‘‘farming by soil’’ (Robert), through variable-rate technologies, to vehicle guidance systems and will evolve to product quality and environmental management. Precision agriculture is most often thought of as a method of farm management that uses advanced technology to allow the farmer to produce more efficiently, thereby realizing gains through economical use of resources. An important effect of precision farming is the high environmental benefit from using chemical and fertilization treatments only when and where they are necessary. These promotions of environmental stewardship are key components for the new approaches in agriculture. Ensuring food security and feeding a fast growing population with limited resources is a major challenge for today’s agriculturalists. But, producers are committed to succeeding by continuing to develop increasingly innovative and efficient products and solutions to revolutionize agriculture. Over the past few decades, as larger and faster farm machines have delivered the capability to manage expanding farms, farmers have, for the most part, continued to treat large fields as uniform elements. However, and a new method of farmingShow MoreRelatedThe Impact of John Deere Essay1037 Words   |  5 PagesThe Impact of John Deere Nowadays more and more people are unaware of where their food comes from. Mankind now lives in an age where technology is the main focus and the rural way of life is becoming a thing of the past. The ability to produce food is so efficient and effective that some people do not even realize how their food gets to their plate. 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Integra LifeSciences †Limit Uncertainty Essay - 1128 Words

Integra LifeSciences – Limit Uncertainty Integra LifeSciences (IART) is a multinational corporation providing medical devices supporting wide array of surgical needs. Their strategic intent is to become the worldwide leader in in orthopedic extremity surgery, neurosurgery, spine surgery, and reconstructive and general surgery. Their innovative offerings and growth through acquisition has allowed them to become a billion dollar enterprise since their inception in 1989 (â€Å"IART profile†). They are headquartered in Plainsboro, New Jersey and have 3,300 employees worldwide (â€Å"Company profile,† 2014). Integras common stock is listed on The NASDAQ Stock Market under the symbol IART. Integra’s target markets reside in the United States,†¦show more content†¦It will address considerations surrounding the main economic agents of household, business, government and foreigners. The analysis will conclude with scenario analysis conceptualizing how Integra can mitigate risk with economic changes and currency adjustments in order meet or exceed revenue and growth projections. Assessment Integra’s 2014 first quarter performance exceeded market expectations and compared favorably to 2013 outcomes. Table 1 outlines performance by division, U.S. versus international and identifies the impact of currency exchange rates (â€Å"Integra lifesciences reports,† 2014). Table 1 Three Months Ended March 31, 2014 2013 Change U.S. Neurosurgery $54,383 $38,996 39% U.S. Instruments 36,720 36,948 -1% U.S. Extremities 31,912 31,361 2% U.S. Spine Other 41,067 43,548 -6% International* 50,977 45,799 11% Total Revenue $215,059 $196,652 9% Impact of changes in currency exchange rates $150 $— Less contribution of revenues from DuraSeal acquisition -14,220 — Less contribution of revenues from discontinued products -2,262 -3,843 -41% Total adjusted revenues $198,727 $192,809 3% Integra’s Exchange Rate Challenges Approximately 25% of Integra’s revenue is driven by business outside the U.S. Integra’s international sales are subject to currency fluctuations. First quarter of 2014 generated positive outcomes surrounding currency exchange ($ 150,000 positive variance). Integra deals in a

Aims and Objectives of the Islamic Law-Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Summaries the Aims and Objectives of Islamic Law and which one of the objective concerns women and family 2.Do you agree with the author that family will be abolished if we take the freedom to extremism? 3.What some of the consequences of a full time working mother as illustrated in the book in the western culture?And what do you think the effect will be if Muslim woman adopts the freedom and equality of western culture? 4.Write a speech that you will give in UN about Muslim women. Using any topic of your choice and using information given by the write in the book Womens Ideal Liberation. Answers: Islamic Perspectives 1.The aims and objectives of the Islamic law are the protection and safety of the human race from all evil. Some of the objectives include the protection of religion where Muslims can freely worship Allah. The preservation of life, the protection of honor and chastity are additional aims and objectives of Islamic law. The last two objectives are the protection of the mind and preserving wealth and prosperity (Levine Raghavan, 2012). The objective that concerns women and family is the protection of honor and chastity. It addresses the issues of divorce, marriage, and the punishment for adultery and fornication. 2.I agree with the author that extreme freedom will result in the abolishing of the family as a unit. Islam allows for women to have freedom from the perspective that we are equal but not the same. Women are empowered to be in control of their bodies and to take responsibility by dressing decently (Abdulsalam, 1998). This brings social order with regard to the family by avoiding premarital sex which contributes to divorce later in marriage. Illicit sex due to the extreme freedom given to women is responsible for illegitimate children, divorce, and ultimately the abolition of the family. 3.Some of the consequences of a full-time working mother include burnout which manifests as insomnia, fatigue and depression. Others end up becoming alcoholics (Abdulsalam, 1998). The effect of adopting the Western culture of freedom and equality will be the sabotage of motherhood and the family, divorce and illegitimate children, and women suffering mental and emotional difficulties. The children in Islamic communities will also grow up without the security and love that is important to grow emotionally safe and confident. The quest to remain beautiful and sexually attractive will drive women to cosmetic surgeries which are dangerous for their health. 4.Speech to the UN This speech is an eye-opener for the Western society that often has preconceived misconceptions about women and the family in Islam. Contrary to the assumptions that women are oppressed in Islam, the opposite is true. One of the objectives of Islamic law is the protection and honor of chastity of Muslim women. While affording women freedom, Islam acknowledges that women are equal but not the same as men. She is not less or lacking but different with unique needs. The hijab is the symbol that women are afforded protection from the opposite sex when she is out in the public. Islam allows women the freedom to work but appreciates her role in the growth and nurturing of children to be emotionally secure and confident. It, therefore, advocates a balance between work and family. The moral attributes of a woman that is more valued than her physical beauty is the delineating line between the West and Islam. The emphasis on beauty that is buttressed by freedom and equality is the reason why the family unit in Western societies is threatened with extinction. The regulation of the marital institution on matters of divorce, adultery, and fornication has established moral and social order in Islam that celebrates and honors women. References Abdulsalam, R. H. (1998). Women's ideal liberation: Islamic versus Western understanding = al-Tah?ri?r al-mitha?li? lil-mar?ah : muqa?ranah bayna al-mafhu?m al-Isla?mi? wa-al-mafhu?m al-Gharbi?. Jeddah: Abul-Qasim Publishing House. Levine, J. P., Raghavan, C. (2012). Self-Determination and Womens Rights in Muslim Societies. Waltham, Mass: Brandeis.